Incarnation, Tabernacle, and the Body of Believers: A Theology of Divine Presence for the Marginalized and Disabled Inkarnasi, Tabernakel, dan Tubuh Orang Percaya: Teologi Kehadiran Allah bagi Kaum Marginal dan Disabilitas

Main Article Content

Oey Natanael Winanto

Abstract

Teologi kehadiran ilahi telah lama menjadi tema sentral dalam tradisi Kristen, tetapi implikasinya bagi penyandang disabilitas dan kelompok yang terpinggirkan masih kurang dikaji secara terpadu. Artikel ini bertujuan membangun sintesis teologis yang menghubungkan tabernakel sebagai tempat kediaman Allah di tengah umat-Nya, inkarnasi Kristus sebagai penggenapan dan pusat penafsiran motif tersebut, dan tubuh orang percaya sebagai bait Roh Kudus, dengan disabilitas sebagai lensa kritis utama. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi pustaka melalui empat langkah: pengumpulan sumber, analisis tematik, interpretasi hermeneutis, dan aplikasi kontekstual. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa (1) tabernakel menyatakan kehendak Allah untuk berdiam di tengah umat, tetapi aksesnya bertingkat dan, dalam teks seperti Imamat 21:16-23, bersyarat secara jasmani; (2) inkarnasi, yang dalam Yohanes 1:14 diungkapkan dengan bahasa “berkemah”, mengambil tubuh manusia yang rentan secara utuh dan membuka akses kepada Allah melalui tubuh Kristus (Ibrani 10:19-20); dan (3) tubuh orang percaya, secara korporat maupun perorangan, menjadi tempat kediaman Roh sehingga martabat setiap anggota tidak bergantung pada kemampuan fisik atau status sosial. Artikel ini juga menunjukkan bahwa sintesis tersebut menuntut kehati-hatian terhadap harapan eskatologis yang menghapus disabilitas dan terhadap pemakaian kaum marginal sebagai simbol semata. Implikasi praktisnya dirumuskan dalam kerangka audit bagi gereja yang inklusif. Artikel ini berkontribusi pada teologi disabilitas dan teologi kontekstual melalui kerangka tabernakel–inkarnasi–tubuh yang menghadapi teks-teks pengecualian dalam Alkitab secara jujur dan merumuskan implikasinya bagi gereja di Indonesia.


The theology of divine presence has long been a central theme in Christian tradition, yet its implications for persons with disabilities and other marginalized groups remain underexamined in an integrated way. This article builds a theological synthesis that connects the tabernacle as God’s dwelling in the midst of his people, the incarnation of Christ as the fulfilment and interpretive center of that motif, and the believer’s body as temple of the Holy Spirit, with disability as the primary critical lens. It employs a qualitative literature-review method in four steps: source collection, thematic analysis, hermeneutical interpretation, and contextual application. The findings show that (1) the tabernacle expresses God’s will to dwell among his people, but its access is graded and, in texts such as Leviticus 21:16–23, conditioned by bodily criteria; (2) the incarnation, expressed in John 1:14 as a “tabernacling”, takes up vulnerable human flesh fully and opens access to God through the body of Christ (Hebrews 10:19–20); and (3) the body of believers, corporately and individually, becomes the dwelling of the Spirit, so that the dignity of every member does not depend on physical ability or social status. The article also shows that this synthesis requires caution toward eschatological hopes that simply erase disability and toward using marginalized persons as mere symbols. Its practical implications are expressed in an audit framework for inclusive churches. This article contributes to disability theology and contextual theology through a tabernacle–incarnation–body framework that honestly confronts the exclusionary texts of Scripture and spells out implications for the church in Indonesia.

Article Details

How to Cite
Winanto, O. N. (2026). Incarnation, Tabernacle, and the Body of Believers: A Theology of Divine Presence for the Marginalized and Disabled: Inkarnasi, Tabernakel, dan Tubuh Orang Percaya: Teologi Kehadiran Allah bagi Kaum Marginal dan Disabilitas. MODERATE: Journal of Religious, Education, and Social, 3(2), 102–119. https://doi.org/10.46362/moderate.v4i1.50
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